MRI-based mesenchymal stem cells: a theragnostic approach to fibrosis

Fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), severely impairing organ function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively utilized in the treatment of fibrotic diseases, owing to their distinctive biological characteristics. Nevertheless, challenges persist in the long-term tracking of MSCs and the assessment of therapeutic efficacy during treatment. Non-invasive detection techniques for MSCs during disease therapy, achieved through the synergistic use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast agents, are increasingly mature. This paper outlines the classification, labelling methods, imaging advantages, and comprehensive evaluation of MSCs as MRI molecular probes in fibrotic disease treatment, while exploring their current status and future prospects.