Lignin-Based Supramolecular Dynamic Networks: A General Platform for Energy Harvesting and Sensing

Lignin- based ionogels are promising sustainable materials for flexible electronics, yet their development is limited by a persistent tradeoff between mechanical robustness and dynamic multifunctionality. Here, we report a rigid flexible supramolecular design strategy that transforms lignin from a rigid bio-based component into an active network building block for dynamic ionogels. By coupling rigid lignin derived domains with flexible dynamic polymer segments, the resulting ionogel achieves efficient energy dissipation, reversible network reconstruction, and stable ionic transport. The ionogel exhibits an elongation at break of 1564%, underwater adhesion strength of 488.3 kPa on steel, and near complete self-healing at room temperature. It further functions as a strain sensor with a gauge factor of 2.83 and stable signal output over 350 stretching cycles. When assembled into a triboelectric nanogenerator, the ionogel delivers a stable voltage output of 75 V under deformation. This work establishes a lignin derived dynamic ionogel platform that integrates robustness, adaptability, sensing, and mechanical energy harvesting for sustainable flexible electronics.