Root age structure governs long-term architecture and hydraulic function in perennial plants: a modelling framework

Perennial root systems develop over decades and exhibit continuous turnover of structural and absorptive components, yet most root architecture models treat woody roots as permanent and neglect root age structure. We developed an empirically constrained modelling framework that explicitly represents age-structured demography, growth regulation and dormancy in perennial root systems (Vitis vinifera). We extended the functional-structural plant model CPlantBox to simulate perennial root development over decades by integrating age-dependent survival, secondary radial growth and climate-driven dormancy. The model was parameterised using unique three-dimensional (3D) root system data from young and mature grapevines, together with dendrochronological root age measurements, and coupled to root hydraulic properties. Empirical analyses revealed multicohort age distributions and substantial turnover of lignified structural roots, contradicting the assumption of a static woody scaffold. The model reproduced age distributions, order-specific survival probabilities and fine-to-structural root length ratios, and generated realistic, genotype-specific 3D architectures. Simulated uptake profiles and hydraulic scenarios showed strong age- and architecture-driven effects. Explicitly representing woody root age distributions and age-dependent processes may fundamentally change predictions of perennial root system architecture and function. The framework advances root modelling beyond annual paradigms and provides a transferable tool for analysing long-term architectural and hydraulic consequences of genotype × climate interactions in perennial crops.