Psychomotor vigilance is multidimensional: evidence from index network analysis, parameter review, and neuroimaging

The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is widely used to assess vigilance, with interpretation shaped by experimental parameters, index definitions, and neurophysiological context. This review examines stimulus modality, task duration, and interstimulus interval, then considers the calculation and use of PVT indices. An exploratory network analysis of 15 indices in 678 participants examines a three-group descriptive framework comprising Stable, Overall, and Control indices. Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging findings relate vigilance to waking oscillations, EEG network stability, preceding sleep physiology, and functional brain connectivity. Multimodal assessment offers opportunities to refine vigilance monitoring in sleep medicine, fatigue research, and occupational settings such as aviation and shift work.