Variations in Sexual Function and Behaviors by BDSM Self-Identification versus BDSM Practice Frequency in the General Population

Research on BDSM (bondage, discipline, dominance/submission, and sadomasochism) often relies on different criteria to identify practitioners, such as self-identification with BDSM or reporting the frequency of BDSM-related practices. These approaches can produce very different prevalence estimates, making comparisons across studies difficult. Therefore, this study examined how these two criteria, self-identification versus practice frequency, differ in describing BDSM engagement, other sexual behaviors, and their sexual function, using a sample of self-identified BDSM practitioners and the general population. We analyzed data from 3904 Chilean adults who completed measures of sexual behaviors and sexual function, using the International Index of Erectile Function and Female Sexual Function Index. Results showed that practice frequency identified nearly twice as many BDSM practitioners as self-identification. Although the two criteria were positively correlated, the overlap was small. Compared with non-self-identified BDSM participants, individuals classified by practice frequency reported more frequent engagement in BDSM-specific activities, greater sexual pleasure from these practices, and, especially among high-frequency practitioners, better sexual function. In contrast, self-identification captured fewer practitioners and was less sensitive to differences in sexual behaviors and function, though it was associated with reduced reports of sexual pain among women. Overall, practice frequency provided a broader picture of BDSM engagement, while self-identification reflected a smaller, possibly more community-oriented group. These findings highlight the importance of considering both criteria when studying BDSM, as each captures distinct aspects of sexual identity and behavior. Using both approaches can improve the accuracy of prevalence estimates and deepen understanding of BDSM's relationship to sexual health.