Solid-State Nanopores for High-Accuracy Readout of Linear Biomolecules

Solid-state nanopores offer a robust and highly integrable platform for single-molecule analysis, with advantages over biological pores that include superior mechanical stability, tunable geometry, and compatibility with scalable device fabrication. High-precision readout of linear biomolecules is fundamental to DNA sequencing, diagnostic strategies, and protein or peptide sequencing. Here we review recent progress in improving the detection of linear biomolecules, including DNA, proteins, and peptides, with emphasis on the physical limits of readout, translocation control, and device optimization. We discuss the major factors that constrain precision, including rapid transport, stochastic dynamics, molecular folding, and device-dependent noise, and summarize engineering strategies that address these challenges through mechanical manipulation, gate-controlled translocation, and electric field coupled nanopores. We also highlight recent advances in ultrasmall nanopores for high-resolution molecular sensing and consider future opportunities for extending solid-state nanopores toward accurate and scalable linear-molecule analysis.