[Research progress in the construction of prostate organoid model]

Prostate organoids are highly biomimetic in vitro models that serve as platforms for pathological simulation and therapeutic validation in precision medicine. The traditional three-dimensional (3D) culture system achieves organoid formation by taking advantage of the self-organizing characteristics of stem cells and relying on their autonomous assembly ability, with very little external regulatory input. However, this strategy has significant limitations in the construction of spatial heterogeneity and the simulation of dynamic microenvironments. The integration of bioengineering and stem cell technology has given rise to biomimetic strategies based on advanced technologies such as programmable biomaterials, organ-on-a-chip devices and bioprinting, which will enable spatiotemporal controllable physicochemical intervention. This review summarizes current construction frameworks, highlights the pivotal role of engineered strategies in enhancing physiological relevance, and discusses the transformative potential of artificial intelligence -driven models, aiming to advance the development of high-fidelity prostate organoids.