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Ice nucleation induced by pseudomonas syringae.

L R Maki, E L Galyan, M M Chang-Chien

    Applied Microbiology
    |September 1, 1974
    PubMed
    Summary

    Certain bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae, can freeze at warm temperatures near -1.8 to -3.8 C. This ice nucleation activity is linked to intact bacterial cells and requires high concentrations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Plant Pathology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Pseudomonas syringae is a plant pathogen known for its ice nucleation activity.
    • Ice nucleation is a critical process in frost damage to plants.
    • Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial ice nucleation is important for agriculture and cryobiology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the specific factors responsible for the ice nucleation activity of Pseudomonas syringae.
    • To determine the optimal conditions for ice nucleation by this bacterium.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation of Pseudomonas syringae from decaying alder leaves (Alnus tenuifolia).
    • Preparation of bacterial suspensions and broth cultures.
    • Controlled freezing experiments to determine the initiation temperature of ice formation.
    • Chemical treatments and physical disruption of bacterial cells to assess their role in ice nucleation.
    • Varying bacterial concentrations to establish thresholds for activity.

    Main Results:

    • Pseudomonas syringae suspensions initiated freezing at unusually warm temperatures (-1.8 to -3.8 C).
    • The intact bacterial cell, not extracellular material, was identified as the primary site of ice nucleation.
    • Chemical and physical disruption of the cells abolished their ice nucleation ability.
    • A minimum bacterial concentration of approximately 10(6) cells/ml was required for warm-temperature freezing.

    Conclusions:

    • The cell envelope of Pseudomonas syringae plays a crucial role in initiating freezing at warm temperatures.
    • Bacterial ice nucleation is an active cellular process dependent on cell integrity.
    • High bacterial cell densities are necessary for observable ice nucleation activity in this species.

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