Intraoperative localization of renal calculi using the Polarex 2 C-arm image intensifier

We present our experience with the C-arm image intensifier in the localization of renal calculi. We have found this technique to be exceptionally easy to use and extraordinarily efficient. However, unless the disk images are used primarily, rather than continuous fluoroscopy, the radiation exposure can be significant. This technique can be somewhat limiting in that exceptionally small stones or poorly opacified stones cannot be picked up easily.