Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Quantifying the Basal Insulin Treatment Preferences of People Living in Canada With Type 2 Diabetes When Glycemic Control and Cost Are Held Constant: A Discrete Choice Experiment.

Canadian journal of diabetes·2026

Same author

Tetanus prophylaxis in horses: guidelines for New Zealand and Australia based on a critical appraisal of the evidence.

New Zealand veterinary journal·2024

Same author

The novel Mechanical Ventilator Milano for the COVID-19 pandemic.

Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994)·2021

Same author

Instrument flight to the inner ear.

Science robotics·2018

Same author

Bacterial testing of platelets - has it prevented transfusion-transmitted bacterial infections in Australia?

Vox sanguinis·2017

Same author

The High Ferritin App: electronic referral to the Australian Red Cross Blood Service for therapeutic venesection.

Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England)·2015

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Published on: December 15, 2011

Human sensitization to Ganoderma antigen.

S M Tarlo, B Bell, J Srinivasan

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

|July 1, 1979

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ganoderma applanatum spores are the most common airborne fungi in Ontario, causing allergic reactions in 8.2% of patients. This common bracket fungus antigen induces sensitization and has unique properties among allergens.

More Related Videos

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis

Published on: December 15, 2011

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Area of Science:

Mycology
Immunology
Environmental Health

Background:

Ganoderma applanatum, a common bracket fungus, releases abundant basidiospores into the air.
Previous studies have not fully characterized the allergenic potential of Ganoderma applanatum.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the most prevalent fungal spores in southern Ontario air.
To investigate the allergenic potential and sensitization capacity of Ganoderma applanatum antigen in humans.

Main Methods:

Continuous air sampling using Hirst volumetric spore traps over three years.
Skin prick tests and radioallergosorbent tests (RAST) on patients attending chest/allergy clinics.
Preparation of Ganoderma applanatum extracts for testing.

Main Results:

Ganoderma applanatum basidiospores were identified as the most numerous fungal spores.
8.2% of patients showed positive reactions to Ganoderma antigen, with no correlation to common inhalant allergens.
IgE-dependent sensitization to Ganoderma was confirmed by RAST.

Conclusions:

Ganoderma applanatum antigen is a common airborne allergen.
This fungus can induce specific IgE-mediated sensitization in humans.
Ganoderma antigen possesses unique allergenic properties distinct from common allergens.