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The ciliary necklace. A ciliary membrane specialization.

N B Gilula, P Satir

    The Journal of Cell Biology
    |May 1, 1972
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Freeze-etching revealed a unique ciliary necklace structure in somatic cilia, potentially regulating ciliary beat and energy transduction. This structure, composed of membrane particles, links microtubular doublets to the ciliary membrane across various species.

    Area of Science:

    • Cell Biology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Cilia exhibit a conserved 9+2 microtubule arrangement, crucial for motility.
    • The ciliary membrane and its associated structures are less understood, particularly in relation to function.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the ultrastructure of cilia using freeze-etch electron microscopy.
    • To identify and characterize novel structures within the ciliary membrane and transition zone.

    Main Methods:

    • Freeze-etching and thin-section electron microscopy were employed.
    • Cilia from lamellibranch gills (Elliptio, Mytilus) were the primary subjects.
    • Comparative analysis included cilia from Tetramitus, sea urchin embryos, rat trachea, and chick embryo fibroblasts.

    Main Results:

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    • The 9+2 microtubule pattern was difficult to resolve without etching.
    • Etched preparations revealed triplet spoke alignment and dynein rows.
    • A unique 'ciliary necklace' of membrane particles was identified below the basal plate in somatic cilia.
    • The ciliary necklace, with species-specific strand numbers, links microtubular doublets to the ciliary membrane via 'champagne-glass' structures.
    • This complex was absent in rat and sea urchin sperm cilia.

    Conclusions:

    • The ciliary necklace represents a novel structural complex in somatic cilia.
    • This structure may play a role in energy transduction or coordinating ciliary beating.
    • The presence of the necklace in diverse somatic cilia suggests a conserved functional importance.