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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

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Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 21, 2025

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
08:14

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Ammonia production by intestinal bacteria.

A Vince, A M Dawson, N Park

    Gut
    |March 1, 1973
    PubMed
    Summary

    Bacterial growth and ammonia production from urea and peptone were studied across various pH levels. Lower pH significantly impacted bacterial activity, with mixed cultures producing more ammonia than single strains.

    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Environmental Science
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Bacterial metabolism significantly influences nutrient cycling.
    • Understanding ammonia production by bacteria is crucial for environmental and agricultural applications.
    • The impact of pH on bacterial metabolic processes requires further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate bacterial growth and ammonia production from urea and peptone at different pH values.
    • To compare ammonia production in static and continuous bacterial cultures.
    • To examine the effects of mixed bacterial cultures on ammonia formation at low pH.

    Main Methods:

    • Tested bacterial growth and ammonia production across a range of pH conditions.
    • Utilized both conventional static cultures and continuous cultivation systems.

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  • Assessed ammonia production from urea hydrolysis and peptone deamination by specific bacterial strains (e.g., Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli).

    • Main Results:

    • Aerobic Gram-negative bacteria and Escherichia coli showed growth at acidic pH levels (pH 5 and 4.6, respectively).
    • Urea hydrolysis by Proteus mirabilis and peptone deamination by Escherichia coli decreased significantly at lower pH.
    • Mixed cultures of Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis produced more ammonia at low pH compared to monocultures, without a reduction in bacterial counts.

    Conclusions:

    • Bacterial growth and ammonia production are highly pH-dependent.
    • Acidic conditions inhibit key metabolic pathways for ammonia generation.
    • Interactions between bacterial species in mixed cultures can alter ammonia production dynamics at low pH.