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Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

16.0K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
16.0K
Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

202.7K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
202.7K
ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

6.6K
The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
6.6K
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

10.1K
ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
10.1K
ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

5.0K
V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
5.0K
Resting Potential Decay01:15

Resting Potential Decay

6.6K
The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) and highly permeable to potassium ions (K+). Differences in the ions' concentration inside the cell compared to the outside are maintained by membrane transport proteins like channels and pumps.
At rest, the K+ is the main ion that moves across the membrane...
6.6K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Contribution of the Na+/K+ Pump to Rhythmic Bursting, Explored with Modeling and Dynamic Clamp Analyses
08:34

Contribution of the Na+/K+ Pump to Rhythmic Bursting, Explored with Modeling and Dynamic Clamp Analyses

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Recoupling the Na-K pump.

J R Sachs

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |December 1, 1972
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Human red blood cells show ouabain-sensitive potassium-potassium exchange, complicating sodium-potassium pump studies. Glucose deprivation reduces both sodium outflux and potassium influx, suggesting coupled transport.

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    Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays
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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Cell Physiology
    • Membrane Transport

    Background:

    • Human red blood cells exhibit ouabain-sensitive K-K exchange, particularly under conditions of energy depletion.
    • This K-K exchange can interfere with accurate measurements of coupled sodium (Na) outflux and potassium (K) influx.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the coupling between Na outflux and K influx in human red blood cells under glucose deprivation.
    • To clarify the impact of energy depletion on cation transport mechanisms.

    Main Methods:

    • Flux measurements using radioisotopes to detect K-K exchange.
    • Chemical estimation of net cation movements to assess Na outflux and K influx.
    • Inducing energy depletion by glucose deprivation in red blood cell samples.

    Main Results:

    • Radioisotope flux measurements revealed an increased ouabain-sensitive K-K exchange in glucose-deprived cells.
    • Chemical flux measurements demonstrated a concurrent fall in both ouabain-sensitive Na outflux and ouabain-sensitive K influx upon glucose deprivation.
    • The parallel decrease in both fluxes suggests they are coupled.

    Conclusions:

    • Glucose deprivation leads to a coordinated decrease in ouabain-sensitive Na outflux and K influx in human red blood cells.
    • The findings support the hypothesis that Na outflux and K influx are coupled processes.
    • The study suggests a common ATP source for both Na outflux and K influx, despite the complicating K-K exchange.