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Ecological genetics and natural selection in molluscs.

J S Jones

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |November 9, 1973
    PubMed
    Summary

    Shell color in Cepaea snails is strongly linked to temperature, with lighter bands favoring warmer microclimates. This suggests environmental and genetic factors shape snail population structure.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecological genetics
    • Evolutionary biology
    • Population genetics

    Background:

    • Polymorphic land snails of the genus Cepaea are model organisms for ecological genetics research.
    • Selective predation influences morph frequencies in Cepaea nemoralis populations.
    • The role of environmental selection versus divergent evolution in population structure is debated.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the association between climatic factors and gene frequencies in Cepaea snail populations.
    • To determine the mechanisms driving local genetic differentiation in Cepaea snails.
    • To assess the relative importance of ecological and genetic environments in shaping snail population genetics.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of 500,000 Cepaea nemoralis individuals across Europe.
    • Examination of gene frequencies at shell color loci in relation to mean summer temperatures.
    • Investigation of Cepaea vindobonensis polymorphism in relation to microclimatic variation in Yugoslavia.
    • Physiological and behavioral experiments on shell phenotype-environment interactions.

    Main Results:

    • A significant positive correlation was found between Cepaea nemoralis shell color gene frequencies and mean summer temperature.
    • No other loci in C. nemoralis showed clear climatic correlations.
    • Cepaea vindobonensis with lightly pigmented bands were prevalent in warm microclimates.
    • Differential solar energy absorption by shell phenotypes explains the observed pattern in C. vindobonensis.

    Conclusions:

    • Shell color polymorphism in Cepaea snails is strongly influenced by climatic selection, particularly temperature.
    • Environmental selection appears to act on specific loci, like shell color.
    • Genetic linkage and interactions within the gene pool may explain frequencies at loci not directly linked to the environment.
    • Both ecological and genetic factors are crucial in determining the genetic structure of Cepaea snail populations.

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