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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

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Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and...
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Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1...
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Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the...
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Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

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Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Dual Effects of Melanoma Cell-derived Factors on Bone Marrow Adipocytes Differentiation
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Abnormal lipid-linked oligosaccharides in class E Thy-1-negative mutant lymphomas.

I S Trowbridge, R Hyman

    Cell
    |July 1, 1979
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    Summary

    Thy-1 mutant lymphomas exhibit a glycosylation defect due to blocked synthesis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor. Abnormal, endoglycosidase H-resistant oligosaccharides in mutant cells indicate a defect in glycoprotein precursor formation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Cell Biology

    Background:

    • Thy-1 is a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions.
    • Glycosylation is a critical post-translational modification affecting protein function.
    • Class E complementation group Thy-1-mutant lymphomas present a specific glycosylation defect.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify the specific glycosylation defect in class E Thy-1-mutant lymphomas.
    • To characterize the lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLOs) in these mutant cells.
    • To determine the origin of abnormal oligosaccharides found on newly synthesized polypeptides.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation and characterization of LLOs from Thy-1 mutant and wild-type lymphoma cells.
    • Analysis of LLOs using endoglycosidase H digestion.
    • Analysis of oligosaccharides on newly synthesized polypeptides from mutant cells.

    Main Results:

    • Two major LLOs were isolated from mutant cells, both smaller than wild-type LLOs.
    • Mutant LLOs were resistant to endoglycosidase H digestion, unlike wild-type LLOs.
    • Oligosaccharides on newly synthesized polypeptides in mutant cells were also endoglycosidase H-resistant.

    Conclusions:

    • The glycosylation defect in class E Thy-1 lymphomas is a block in LLO precursor synthesis.
    • Abnormal, endoglycosidase H-resistant LLOs are formed in mutant cells.
    • These abnormal LLOs are the likely source of the endoglycosidase H-resistant oligosaccharides on glycoproteins in mutant cells.