Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Microbial Growth: Osmolarity01:28

Factors Influencing Microbial Growth: Osmolarity

1.0K
Osmolarity is the measure of solute concentration in a solution. It plays a critical role in determining water availability for organisms. Water moves across semipermeable membranes through osmosis, flowing from regions of lower solute concentration (more dilute) to regions of higher solute concentration (more concentrated).In high-solute environments, microbial cells lose water, leading to dehydration and inhibited growth. The extent to which water is available to microbes in such environments...
1.0K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

41.4K
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
41.4K
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

47.1K
A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
47.1K
Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

11.4K
Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of...
11.4K
Osmosis00:47

Osmosis

197.4K
Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.
197.4K
Expressing Solution Concentration02:48

Expressing Solution Concentration

71.2K
A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
Concentrations may be quantitatively assessed using a wide variety of measurement units, each convenient for particular applications. Molarity (M) is a useful concentration unit for many applications in chemistry.
71.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[The assessment and course of development of cognitive abilities in the elderly].

Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany))·2013
Same author

Absence of equid herpesvirus-1 reactivation and viremia in hospitalized critically ill horses.

Journal of veterinary internal medicine·2011
Same author

A multicenter retrospective study of 151 renal biopsies in horses.

Journal of veterinary internal medicine·2011
Same author

[From "schizophrenia" to "disturbance of the integrity of the self": causes and consequences of renaming schizophrenia in Japan in 2002].

Der Nervenarzt·2011
Same author

Cytotoxicity and antileukaemic activity of new duplexes linking 3-C-ethynylcytidine and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.

Anticancer research·2010
Same author

[The situation of the "small disciplines" using the example of the history, theory, and ethics of medicine].

Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz·2009
Same journal

Comparative <i>In Vitro</i> Release Profiling of Brand and Generic Metoprolol Extended-Release Formulations in the Context of Product Switching.

Die Pharmazie·2026
Same journal

The Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Literature Review.

Die Pharmazie·2026
Same journal

Research Progress on Ferroptosis-Inducing Compounds in Tumor Cells.

Die Pharmazie·2026
Same journal

Mocetinostat Ameliorates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy via Suppression of Ferroptosis Through Nrf2 Pathway.

Die Pharmazie·2026
Same journal

Different Effects of the Anticonvulsant Drugs Phenytoin and Phenobarbital on Forskolin-Induced BeWo Syncytialization.

Die Pharmazie·2026
Same journal

MC4R Antagonists: A Promising New Hope for the Treatment of Cachexia and Wasting Diseases.

Die Pharmazie·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue
06:45

Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue

Published on: January 19, 2019

9.4K

Osmolality/osmolarity data and calculations.

H Schott

    Die Pharmazie
    |April 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study compiles essential data on parenteral solution osmolarity, including density and osmolality for 99 compounds. It provides practical equations for calculating concentrations and understanding osmotic coefficients for pharmaceutical applications.

    More Related Videos

    Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space
    10:45

    Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

    Published on: July 24, 2017

    12.8K
    Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example
    14:20

    Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

    Published on: October 8, 2014

    16.5K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Feb 20, 2026

    Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue
    06:45

    Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue

    Published on: January 19, 2019

    9.4K
    Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space
    10:45

    Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space

    Published on: July 24, 2017

    12.8K
    Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example
    14:20

    Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient Pf of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example

    Published on: October 8, 2014

    16.5K

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmaceutical Sciences
    • Physical Chemistry
    • Solution Chemistry

    Background:

    • Parenteral solutions require precise osmolarity data for safe and effective administration.
    • Existing data on solution properties like osmolality and density are fragmented, hindering pharmaceutical formulation.
    • Increasing clinical interest necessitates a comprehensive resource for parenteral solution characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compile and present extensive numerical data on the osmolarity of various compounds used in parenteral solutions.
    • To provide practical tools, including equations, for calculating and understanding solution properties.
    • To discuss the theoretical and practical implications of osmotic coefficients in pharmaceutical contexts.

    Main Methods:

    • Extensive compilation of numerical data for 99 compounds, including density, molar concentration, and freezing point lowering.
    • Tabulation of data across a range of concentrations (0.50-2.00% w/w increments).
    • Development of simple equations for converting molar to molal concentrations and correlating osmotic parameters.

    Main Results:

    • A comprehensive dataset for 99 compounds, with two-thirds relevant to pharmacy, detailing key osmolarity-related properties.
    • Presentation of equations for interconverting concentration units and relating freezing point depression to osmolality.
    • Demonstration of calculating real osmolality and osmolarity for multi-solute solutions like Ringer's Solution.

    Conclusions:

    • The compiled data and presented equations serve as a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and clinicians.
    • Understanding osmotic coefficients is crucial for accurate formulation and predicting solution behavior.
    • The study facilitates precise osmolarity calculations for both single and multi-solute parenteral formulations.