Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Expression of Arabidopsis GAI in transgenic rice represses multiple gibberellin responses.

The Plant cell·2001

Same author

Plant GRAS and metazoan STATs: one family?

BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology·2000

Same author

'Green revolution' genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators.

Nature·1999

Same author

Extragenic suppressors of the Arabidopsis gai mutation alter the dose-response relationship of diverse gibberellin responses.

Plant physiology·1999

Same author

Gibberellin: inhibitor of an inhibitor of...?

BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology·1999

Same author

Ca2+ mobilization in fetal-human cardiac myocytes is stimulated by isoproterenol and inhibited by ryanodine.

In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal·1998

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Histamine induction and release following proteolytic enzyme exposure.

W P Tolos, D E Richards, L D Scheel

American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal

|April 1, 1975

Summary

Exposure to subtilisin Carlsberg triggers histamine release in guinea pigs. Pretreatment with subtilisin or other preparations reduced histamine levels in lungs and liver after exposure.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Immunology
Occupational Health

Background:

Proteolytic enzymes, such as subtilisin Carlsberg, are used commercially and can be inhaled.
Understanding the biological response to enzyme exposure is crucial for occupational safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanism of biologic response to 12% subtilisin Carlsberg preparation.
To investigate the role of histamine release in guinea pig response to enzyme exposure.

Main Methods:

Three groups of guinea pigs were pretreated intradermally with subtilisin Carlsberg, Aspergillus oryzae protease, or cotton seed extract.
Histamine levels in lung, liver, and ear tissues were measured.
Animals were challenged via intratracheal injection or inhalation exposure to subtilisin Carlsberg.

More Related Videos

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Main Results:

Pretreatment with any of the three preparations did not alter baseline histamine levels compared to controls.
Intratracheal challenge with subtilisin in pretreated animals significantly reduced liver histamine.
Inhalation exposure to subtilisin in pretreated animals lowered histamine concentrations in lungs and livers.

Conclusions:

The biologic response to subtilisin Carlsberg involves histamine release in guinea pigs.
Pretreatment can modulate the histamine response to subsequent subtilisin exposure, suggesting a desensitization mechanism.