Milk ejection reflex linked to slow wave sleep in nursing rats

Correlations between cerebral activity of nursing rats and the milk ejection reflex were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats with 15- to 17-day-old litters. The stretch reaction of the pups, which expresses the onset of milk ejection, was closely correlated with the slow sleep epochs of the mother. Once the litter started suckling, milk ejection only took place when the mother fell asleep and electroencephalographic features of slow wave sleep appeared. Milk ejection was never found during paradoxical sleep nor when the mother was awake. Sleep deprivation for 30 min impaired milk ejection in spite of continuous suckling of the nipples by the pups. If the mother was allowed to sleep immediately afterwards, ejection of milk occurred. A 24-h sleep-wakefulness pattern did not show differences between nursing and controls. Our results show that suckling, although necessary, is not enough to set off milk ejection. This reflex only appears when the mother falls asleep, suggesting that oxytocin release is linked to suckling and slow wave sleep.