Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2026

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
06:15

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Published on: September 7, 2018

Human X chromosome carries quantitative genes for immunoglobulin M

F J Grundbacher

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 21, 1972
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing08:51

    Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

    Published on: March 15, 2019

    Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches09:35

    Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

    Published on: April 20, 2021

    Related Concept Videos

    Pedigree Analysis01:35

    Pedigree Analysis

    Overview
    X-linked Traits01:19

    X-linked Traits

    In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
    X-Inactivation01:58

    X-Inactivation

    The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
    X and Y Chromosomes02:32

    X and Y Chromosomes

    Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
    The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
    The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

    The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

    The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
    Evolution
    Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
    X-inactivation01:58

    X-inactivation

    The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.