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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

29
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Blood Types02:20

Blood Types

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Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...
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Blood Typing01:10

Blood Typing

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Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection
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Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection

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Hepatitis B surface antigen subtypes in Malaysia.

S Kamath

    American Journal of Epidemiology
    |August 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) subtypes in Malaysia show distinct geographical and ethnic patterns. Subtype distribution varied significantly between urban populations and indigenous groups, highlighting unique epidemiological characteristics of HBV in Malaysia.

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    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Epidemiology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant global health concern.
    • Understanding HBV subtype distribution is crucial for disease control and vaccine development.
    • Malaysia presents a diverse population with varying geographical and ethnic backgrounds.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the subtype distribution of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in different Malaysian populations.
    • To investigate geographical and ethnic variations in HBV subtype prevalence.
    • To explore correlations between subtype distribution and clinical/demographic factors.

    Main Methods:

    • Serological subtyping of HBsAg from 190 positive sera.
    • Samples collected from Kuala Lumpur, Peninsular Malaysian aborigines, and East Malaysians (Sarawak).
    • Analysis of subtype frequencies (adr, adw, ayw) and subdeterminants (d, y) across different groups.

    Main Results:

    • Overall subtype frequencies: adr (44%), adw (29%), ayw (27%).
    • Significant geographical variation: Kuala Lumpur predominantly showed subdeterminant 'd' (87%), while indigenous groups (Perak, Pahang, Sarawak) showed 'y' (87%).
    • Ethnic variation in Kuala Lumpur: Malays favored adr (61%), Chinese favored adw (51%). Subtype distribution was independent of age, sex, hepatitis status, or asymptomatic antigenemia.

    Conclusions:

    • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) subtype distribution in Malaysia exhibits significant geographical and ethnic stratification.
    • Indigenous populations in Malaysia show a distinct preponderance of the 'y' subdeterminant, contrasting with urban populations.
    • These findings have implications for understanding HBV epidemiology and potentially for targeted public health interventions in Malaysia.