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Related Concept Videos

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Glomerular Filtration01:15

Glomerular Filtration

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The filtration membrane in the renal system is a highly specialized structure essential for filtering blood. It consists of glomerular capillaries and podocytes, forming a selective barrier that permits the passage of water and small solutes while restricting most plasma proteins and blood cells.
Components of the Filtration Membrane
The filtration process involves three key layers: the glomerular endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and the podocyte-formed filtration slits.
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Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...
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Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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Glomerular Filtration Rate and its Regulation01:28

Glomerular Filtration Rate and its Regulation

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The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function, reflecting the volume of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. On average, GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Maintaining a relatively constant GFR is essential for the kidneys to effectively regulate body fluid homeostasis and maintain extracellular stability.
GFR regulation involves two primary intrinsic controls: the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms.
The myogenic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction
01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Published on: June 19, 2025

476

Oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin E.

H F Bunn, W D Meriwether, S P Balcerzak

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |November 1, 1972
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Hemoglobin E (Hb E) exhibits normal oxygen binding and transport in whole blood and isolated forms. This study found no evidence of the previously reported low oxygen affinity for Hb E.

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 10, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Hematology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Hemoglobin E (Hb E) is a common hemoglobin variant.
    • Previous studies suggested Hb E may have altered oxygen-binding properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the oxygen equilibrium of hemoglobin E in individuals with different genotypes.
    • To determine if Hb E exhibits abnormal oxygen affinity.

    Main Methods:

    • Oxygen equilibrium analysis of whole blood and isolated hemoglobins.
    • Diethylaminoethyl Sephadex and carboxymethyl cellulose column chromatography for hemoglobin isolation.
    • Assessment of oxygen affinity, heme-heme interaction, Bohr effect, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate reactivity.

    Main Results:

    • Whole blood oxygen dissociation curves for individuals heterozygous (AE) and homozygous (AA) for Hb E were identical to normal AA blood.
    • Isolated Hb E demonstrated oxygen affinity, heme-heme interaction, and Bohr effect indistinguishable from hemoglobin A.
    • Reactivity with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was equal for both Hb E and Hb A.
    • Phosphate-free hemolysates from homozygotes also showed identical oxygen saturation curves.

    Conclusions:

    • Hemoglobin E does not possess an abnormally low oxygen affinity as previously suggested.
    • The oxygen transport function of Hb E appears to be normal.
    • These findings clarify the physiological characteristics of Hb E.