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Related Concept Videos

Septins01:19

Septins

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Septins are protein filaments forming the cytoskeleton along with the microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and other accessory proteins. In 1971 while studying the cell division cycle in mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Harwell et al. first identified the septin-related genes playing a crucial role in yeast cytokinesis. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that these proteins localize at the budding neck as rings. These ring-like proteins were then named Septins by John Pringle, and...
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Septins are the recently discovered fourth major protein component of the cytoskeleton, along with microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. These proteins can associate with other cytoskeletal filaments and carry out varied roles or can be free-floating in the cytoplasm.
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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
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In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 20, 2026

Septins
01:19

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Red cell aging in vivo.

A M Ganzoni, R Oakes, R S Hillman

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |July 1, 1971
    PubMed
    Summary

    Red blood cells (RBCs) shrink and lose hemoglobin as they age in vivo. This study tracked RBC aging in rats, revealing cellular remodeling processes that explain red cell lifespan characteristics.

    Area of Science:

    • Hematology
    • Cell Biology
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Previous red blood cell (RBC) aging studies used in vitro methods, potentially causing artifacts.
    • In vitro separation of RBCs by density may introduce inconsistencies.
    • An in vivo system is needed to study RBC aging without procedural artifacts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and utilize an in vivo experimental system to study RBC aging.
    • To observe changes in RBCs as they age naturally within a living organism.
    • To investigate RBC structural and metabolic alterations during aging.

    Main Methods:

    • Created an in vivo rat model by transferring RBC mass into progressively fewer recipients.
    • Suppressed erythropoiesis via transfusion-induced polycythemia to prevent new cell contamination.

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  • Monitored aging RBC populations for up to 48 days, measuring cellular constants.

    • Main Results:

    • Rat RBCs exhibited a reduction in volume with aging.
    • Significant loss of hemoglobin content was observed in aging RBCs.
    • Intracellular hemoglobin concentration initially increased before returning to near-normal levels.

    Conclusions:

    • The in vivo model allows for accurate study of RBC aging.
    • RBC aging involves volume reduction and hemoglobin loss.
    • Observed changes provide insights into RBC remodeling and lifespan in vivo.