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External nares and olfactory perception.

D M Stoddart

    Experientia
    |November 15, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Lower vertebrates use stereolfaction for odor tracking due to widely spaced nostrils. Higher vertebrates, with flexible necks, rely on klinotaxis, with exceptions like snakes and bats.

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    Area of Science:

    • Comparative anatomy
    • Olfactory sensory systems
    • Vertebrate evolution

    Background:

    • External naris separation varies across vertebrate taxa.
    • Olfactory navigation strategies differ between vertebrate groups.
    • Stereolfaction and klinotaxis are key olfactory mechanisms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between external naris morphology and olfactory navigation strategies in vertebrates.
    • To compare olfactory tropotaxis (stereolfaction) and klinotaxis across vertebrate classes.
    • To identify exceptions to general patterns in olfactory guidance.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative analysis of external naris morphology in diverse vertebrate species.
    • Review of existing literature on olfactory behavior and sensory mechanisms.

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  • Examination of specialized adaptations in snakes and tubenosed bats.

    • Main Results:

    • Lower vertebrates exhibit wider naris separation, facilitating stereolfaction.
    • Higher vertebrates generally possess narrower naris separation, favoring klinotaxis due to neck mobility.
    • Snakes and tubenosed bats demonstrate unique olfactory adaptations independent of typical naris-based strategies.

    Conclusions:

    • External naris spacing is a significant factor influencing olfactory navigation strategies in vertebrates.
    • The evolution of neck flexibility in higher vertebrates correlates with a shift towards klinotaxis.
    • Specialized lifestyles can override general morphological trends in olfactory sensory utilization.