Chemical change and energy output during muscular contraction

1. The production of heat and (internal) work and the changes in the amount of phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and sometimes lactate have been measured from moment to moment during and after tetanic isometric contractions of isolated frog muscles at 0 degrees C.2. Heat production was measured by thermopiles and a novel apparatus was employed for freezing the muscles rapidly at a chosen instant so as to halt the chemical processes before analysis.3. Using unpoisoned muscles in oxygen, it was shown that neither oxidative recovery processes nor glycolytic ones led to appreciable restitution of PCr or ATP during 15 sec of contraction. However, clear signs of recovery processes could be seen within a minute. In our preparations artificial ;ageing' by storage at low temperature did not interfere with the capacity for glycolysis.4. Our clearest result was that the break-down of PCr was not nearly large enough to account for the rapid heat production during the first few sec of contraction. By the end of a 15 sec tetanus as much as 10 mcal/g remained unaccounted for.5. The source of this heat is not clear. At no time is there any sign of net break-down of ATP; indeed there appears to be a slight increase of ATP in the stimulated muscle.6. Break-down of PCr continues both during relaxation and during the minute following, while the muscle is at rest. Thus during contraction there is heat production without PCr break-down, while subsequently there is PCr break-down without heat production.