Visible light-induced DNA crosslinks in cultured mouse and human cells

Cool-white fluorescent light induces crosslinks in DNA when proliferating cells are exposed at 37 degrees C for 20 h to 4.6 J/m2/s in culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. Using the Kohn alkaline elution technique, we now find that: 1. Increased light intensity increases DNA crosslinks. 2. The crosslinking is medium-mediated. 3. Oxygen enhances the crosslinking. 4. The extent of crosslinking is decreased at high cell density. 5. The crosslinks can be removed by digestion with proteinase K (0.02 to 0.50 mg/ml). 6. Human cell lines including those derived from adult prostate, fetal lung (IMR-90) and mixed fetal tissues are susceptible to light-induced crosslinks. 7. Crosslinkage is not decreased by addition of catalase to the medium and the effective wavelength is probably between 450 nm and 490 nm. From these results we conclude that the mechanism of light-induced crosslinks differs from that of light-induced chromatid breaks and that the major lesion observed is protein-DNA cross-linkage rather than DNA strand breaks.