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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.

DNA Packaging

DNA Packaging

DNA Packaging

DNA Packaging

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

Published on: January 6, 2015

Patchwork structure of a bovine satellite DNA.

M Pech, R E Streeck, H G Zachau

|November 1, 1979

Summary

Bovine satellite DNA features complex, superimposed repeats. Sequencing reveals distinct divergence patterns within repeat units, suggesting evolution from a basic dodecanucleotide sequence.

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Bovine 1.706 satellite DNA exhibits an unusual structure with superimposed long- and short-range repeats.
Previous restriction nuclease analysis indicated this complex organization.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the nucleotide sequence of bovine 1.706 satellite DNA.
To analyze the sequence divergence and structural organization of satellite DNA repeats.

Main Methods:

Nucleotide sequencing of cloned and total satellite DNA fragments.
Detailed sequence divergence analysis of 23 bp repeat units.

Main Results:

Sequenced 2400 nucleotides, revealing long-range repeat units (approx. 2350 bp) divided into four segments.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

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Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

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Each segment contains variants of a basic 23 bp sequence (dodecanucleotide and undecanucleotide).

Observed characteristic differences in sequence divergence and base changes across segments, with preferential methylation and symmetry elements.

Conclusions:

Bovine satellite DNA evolution is proposed to stem from a basic dodecanucleotide.
Segment-specific divergence patterns support a model of superimposed, evolving repeats.