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Alanine: key role in gluconeogenesis.

P Felig, T Pozefsky, E Marliss

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |February 13, 1970
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Alanine is the main amino acid released by human forearm muscle, crucial for liver gluconeogenesis. This remains true even after prolonged starvation when overall amino acid release decreases.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Human Physiology
    • Metabolic Research

    Background:

    • Muscle and liver metabolism are key to maintaining blood glucose homeostasis.
    • Amino acid flux between tissues plays a vital role in metabolic adaptation.
    • Alanine is known to be involved in glucose-alanine cycle.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the principal amino acid released by human forearm muscle.
    • To investigate the role of alanine in gluconeogenesis during different metabolic states.
    • To assess changes in amino acid release following prolonged starvation.

    Main Methods:

    • Measurement of 20 amino acids in peripheral blood.
    • Analysis of amino acid release from forearm muscle.
    • Comparison of amino acid profiles in postabsorptive and starved states.

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    Main Results:

    • Alanine was identified as the predominant amino acid released by forearm muscle.
    • Liver extraction of alanine for gluconeogenesis was confirmed.
    • Total amino acid release from muscle was significantly reduced after 4-6 weeks of starvation, but alanine remained the principal amino acid released.

    Conclusions:

    • Alanine is the primary amino acid substrate supplied by muscle to the liver for gluconeogenesis.
    • The glucose-alanine cycle is a significant metabolic pathway in humans, particularly under fasting conditions.
    • Muscle alanine release is maintained as a priority even when overall amino acid release is diminished during starvation.