Analysis of the components of ionic flux across a membrane

The unidirectional flux of an ionic species may occur because of several mechanisms such as active transport, passive diffusion, exchange diffusion, etc. The contribution of such mechanisms to the total unidirectional flux across a membrane cannot be determined by only measuring that flux. It is shown that if the pertinent experimental data (the opposite unidirectional fluxes and the composite phenomenological resistance coefficient of the ionic species for a given electrochemical potential difference) obey a certain inequality, then the parameters of a model consisting of parallel, independent, active transport, and passive processes may be determined. Although the existence of "additional" processes including exchange diffusion, single-file pore diffusion, isotope interaction, etc. is not disproved, their existence is unnecessary if the inequality is satisfied. Two types of violations of the inequality may occur: (a) if the upper limit is disobeyed the presence of another substance contributing to the measured resistance and/or a constant affinity of the active transport process may be indicated; (b) if the lower limit is disobeyed it is necessary to postulate the existence of an additional process. For the latter type of violation, exchange diffusion is chosen as an example. Methods are given for determining the contribution of exchange diffusion, active transport, and passive diffusion to the unidirectional flux for some special cases.