Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
07:57

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Published on: August 15, 2018

Changes in bone sodium and carbonate in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis in the dog

J M Burnell

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |February 1, 1971
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    Isolation, Purification, and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursors from Rat Bone Marrow11:11

    Isolation, Purification, and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursors from Rat Bone Marrow

    Published on: May 19, 2019

    Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics09:43

    Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics

    Published on: March 1, 2022

    Related Concept Videos

    Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

    Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate

    Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
    Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting, or...
    Acid-Base Balance01:25

    Acid-Base Balance

    The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
    When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
    Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

    Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

    Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
    When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are produced, leading to a...
    Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

    Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

    The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
    Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
    Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
    Compensation Mechanisms01:28

    Compensation Mechanisms

    The human body employs intricate mechanisms to counteract changes in blood pH, preventing conditions like acidosis (pH < 7.35) and alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These compensatory responses aim to restore normal arterial blood pH by engaging respiratory or renal systems, depending on the source of the imbalance.
    Respiratory Compensation
    This mechanism addresses metabolic-induced pH imbalances by adjusting breathing rates. Respiratory compensation begins within minutes of detecting a pH...
    Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

    Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

    Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
    First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
    Next, the PCO2  and HCO3−  values are examined to...