Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

4.6K
The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
4.6K
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

4.9K
The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
4.9K
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

1.3K
The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
1.3K
Menopause01:28

Menopause

5.1K
Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
5.1K
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

1.9K
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
1.9K
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

2.4K
The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Trait understanding or evaluative reasoning? An analysis of children's behavioral predictions.

Child development·2001
Same author

"God made me a girl": sex-category constancy judgments and explanations revisited.

Developmental psychology·1999
Same author

The role of maternal control in the development of sex differences in child self-evaluative factors.

Child development·1998
Same author

Distinguishing multiple dimensions of conceptions of ability: implications for self-evaluation.

Child development·1998
Same author

A developmental perspective of self-construals and sex differences: comment on Cross and Madson (1997)

Psychological bulletin·1997
Same author

Meeting goals and confronting conflict: children's changing perceptions of social comparison.

Child development·1995

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
05:36

Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis

Published on: October 4, 2024

1.3K

Premenstrual symptoms: a reinterpretation.

D N Ruble

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |July 15, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary

    Premenstrual symptom research may be biased by self-reporting. When women believed they were premenstrual, they reported more symptoms, highlighting psychosocial influences on perceived menstrual changes.

    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Gynecology
    • Women's Health

    Background:

    • Premenstrual symptoms (PMS) are often studied using self-report questionnaires.
    • This reliance on subjective data may introduce bias into conclusions about PMS.
    • Understanding the physiological basis of PMS is crucial for effective management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate potential bias in premenstrual symptom research.
    • To differentiate between actual cycle phase and perceived cycle phase in reporting symptoms.
    • To examine the influence of psychosocial factors on the reporting of menstrual cycle symptoms.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental design separating women's perception of cycle phase from their actual cycle phase.
    • Participants were experimentally led to believe they were either in the premenstrual or intermenstrual phase.

    More Related Videos

    Analysis of Raw and Processed Cyperi Rhizoma Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Rats with Primary Dysmenorrhea
    07:36

    Analysis of Raw and Processed Cyperi Rhizoma Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Rats with Primary Dysmenorrhea

    Published on: December 23, 2022

    2.0K
    Assessment of Perigenital Sensitivity and Prostatic Mast Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Maternal Separation
    09:49

    Assessment of Perigenital Sensitivity and Prostatic Mast Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Maternal Separation

    Published on: August 13, 2015

    9.8K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 1, 2026

    Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis
    05:36

    Herbs-Partitioned Moxibustion on the Navel in a Rat Model of Primary Dysmenorrhea with Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis

    Published on: October 4, 2024

    1.3K
    Analysis of Raw and Processed Cyperi Rhizoma Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Rats with Primary Dysmenorrhea
    07:36

    Analysis of Raw and Processed Cyperi Rhizoma Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Rats with Primary Dysmenorrhea

    Published on: December 23, 2022

    2.0K
    Assessment of Perigenital Sensitivity and Prostatic Mast Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Maternal Separation
    09:49

    Assessment of Perigenital Sensitivity and Prostatic Mast Cell Activation in a Mouse Model of Neonatal Maternal Separation

    Published on: August 13, 2015

    9.8K
  • Symptom reporting, including physical symptoms like water retention, was compared between groups.

    • Main Results:

    • Women led to believe they were premenstrual reported significantly more physical symptoms.
    • Water retention was one of the symptoms reported at a higher rate by the perceived premenstrual group.
    • Psychosocial influences demonstrably affect the reporting of menstrual cycle-related symptoms.

    Conclusions:

    • Conclusions on the physiological basis and disruptive effects of premenstrual symptoms may be biased.
    • Psychosocial factors significantly influence self-reported premenstrual symptom experiences.
    • Reevaluation of previous findings on menstrual-related changes and their physiological underpinnings is necessary.