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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
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Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Bioluminescence Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Transgenic Mice After Peripheral Inoculation of Alpha-Synuclein Fibrils
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Biologic effects of supernovae.

K D Terry, W H Tucker

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 26, 1968
    PubMed
    Summary

    Nearby supernova explosions may have caused past animal extinctions. Radiation from these cosmic events could impact fauna without affecting plant life, suggesting supernovae as a potential extinction driver.

    Area of Science:

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Paleontology
    • Biology

    Background:

    • Supernovae are powerful stellar explosions with significant energetic outputs.
    • The Earth has a long history, potentially overlapping with numerous cosmic events.
    • Understanding the impact of extraterrestrial phenomena on Earth's biosphere is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To estimate the frequency of nearby supernova explosions throughout Earth's history.
    • To assess the potential biological effects of radiation from these supernovae.
    • To explore supernovae as a plausible cause for past faunal extinctions.

    Main Methods:

    • Probabilistic estimation of supernova occurrence near Earth.
    • Modeling the biological impact of supernova-emitted radiation.

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  • Comparative analysis of potential extinction patterns for flora and fauna.

    • Main Results:

    • Calculations suggest a non-negligible probability of nearby supernovae during Earth's history.
    • Supernova radiation could lead to widespread animal mortality.
    • Plant life may exhibit greater resilience to such radiation compared to animals.

    Conclusions:

    • Supernovae represent a viable hypothesis for certain mass extinction events in Earth's past.
    • The differential impact on fauna versus flora supports this extinction mechanism.
    • Further research into astrophysical events and their paleobiological consequences is warranted.