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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique
08:38

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique

Published on: July 15, 2021

Epidural anesthesia and the lateral position.

E M Grundy, L N Rao, A P Winnie

    Anesthesia and Analgesia
    |January 1, 1978
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Patient positioning significantly impacts epidural anesthesia. Placing the operative side down speeds onset, increases spread, and prolongs the anesthetic effect for better surgical anesthesia.

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    Area of Science:

    • Anesthesiology
    • Neurosurgery
    • Surgical Procedures

    Background:

    • Epidural anesthesia is a common regional anesthetic technique.
    • Patient positioning can influence anesthetic spread and duration.
    • Optimizing patient position is crucial for effective epidural anesthesia.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effect of lateral patient positioning on epidural anesthesia.
    • To determine how the dependent side influences anesthetic onset, spread, and duration.

    Main Methods:

    • A standardized epidural anesthetic technique was employed.
    • Patients were placed in a lateral position with the operative side dependent.
    • Onset, maximum spread, and duration of anesthesia were systematically observed.

    Main Results:

    • Anesthesia onset was observed to be 2 minutes earlier on the dependent side.
    • The anesthetic spread was 2 spinal segments higher on the dependent side.
    • The duration of anesthesia lasted 75 minutes longer when the operative side was dependent.

    Conclusions:

    • Lateral positioning with the operative side dependent enhances epidural anesthesia.
    • This position facilitates faster onset, greater spread, and prolonged duration.
    • Results support the clinical use of this position for epidural anesthesia induction.