Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 7, 2026

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
09:14

Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model

Published on: June 18, 2021

Relationship of intravenous sodium bicarbonate infusions and cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage

L A Papile, J Burstein, R Burstein

    The Journal of Pediatrics
    |November 1, 1978
    PubMed

    Insights

    Rapid infusion of hyperosmolar sodium bicarbonate significantly increases the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants. This finding is crucial for neonatal care protocols regarding fluid administration.

    Area of Science:

    • Neonatal Medicine
    • Pediatric Neurology
    • Radiology

    Background:

    • Cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication in preterm infants.
    • Understanding risk factors for IVH is critical for improving neonatal outcomes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between sodium bicarbonate administration and the incidence of IVH in low birth weight infants.
    • To identify specific methods of sodium bicarbonate infusion that may influence IVH risk.

    Main Methods:

    • Computed tomography (CT) was used to determine the incidence of IVH in 100 infants with birth weights ≤ 1,500 gm.
    • Serum sodium concentrations and the total amount of intravenous sodium bicarbonate were analyzed.
    • The method of sodium bicarbonate infusion was specifically examined for its association with IVH.

    Main Results:

    • No significant relationship was found between IVH and serum sodium levels or the total volume of sodium bicarbonate administered.
    • However, a significantly increased incidence of IVH was associated with the rapid infusion of hyperosmolar sodium bicarbonate (M to M/12).

    Conclusions:

    • The rapid administration of hyperosmolar sodium bicarbonate is a significant risk factor for intraventricular hemorrhage in vulnerable preterm infants.
    • Neonatal care guidelines should consider the method and osmolarity of sodium bicarbonate infusions to mitigate IVH risk.

    More Related Videos

    Modeling Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Through Intraventricular Injection of Hemoglobin07:57

    Modeling Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage Through Intraventricular Injection of Hemoglobin

    Published on: August 25, 2022

    Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats04:12

    Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats

    Published on: March 28, 2025

    Related Concept Videos

    Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

    Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

    A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
    Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

    Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

    A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
    Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

    Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

    Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
    Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

    Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

    Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
    Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

    Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

    Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
    Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

    Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

    Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...