Adjuvant treatment with levamisole in cancer: a review of experimental and clinical data

Animal and human studies of adjuvant treatment with levamisole in cancer are reviewed and discussed. From the animal data it is concluded that the activity of levamisole is dose-dependent, more effective on slow-growing tumors, affects metastasis formation, preferentially is best when levamisole is used as an adjuvant to the usual cytoreductive treatments and that tumor enhancement is not expected. Clinical findings are put into perspective of the animal data and the most appropriate clinical situations are indicated.