Strategies for studying opioid peptide regulation at the gene, message and protein levels

Three opioid peptide precursors have been isolated and characterized in endocrine and nervous tissue: pro-opiomelanocortin, pro-enkephalin, and pro-dynorphin. Since each of those opioid peptide systems have been extensively characterized both biochemically and anatomically, this review will focus on strategies for studying the regulation of these systems at the levels of gene transcription, message translation, post-translational processing, secretion, and target cell receptor interaction.