Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2026

Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of Vδ1+CD4+γδ T Cells, an Extrathymic αβT-cell Progenitor
10:33

Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of Vδ1+CD4+γδ T Cells, an Extrathymic αβT-cell Progenitor

Published on: December 7, 2015

Structure, expression and divergence of T-cell receptor beta-chain variable regions

P Patten, T Yokota, J Rothbard

    Nature
    |November 1, 1984
    PubMed

    Analysis of three new T-cell receptor beta-chain variable regions together with those in the literature indicates that they have both remarkable similarities and differences with those of immunoglobulin. Less than 10 V regions appear to predominate in the thymus. V beta sequences are much more heterogeneous at the amino acid level than are immunoglobulin V regions and they appear to diverge between species much more quickly, apparently the result of additional hypervariable regions. Three of these putative new hypervariable regions lie outside of the classical immunoglobulin binding site, an indication that important interactions may be occurring in these regions with polymorphic MHC determinants.

    More Related Videos

    Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs11:21

    Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs

    Published on: September 10, 2017

    T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing08:59

    T and B Cell Receptor Immune Repertoire Analysis using Next-generation Sequencing

    Published on: January 12, 2021

    Related Concept Videos

    Antibody Structure01:10

    Antibody Structure

    Overview
    Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
    The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
    Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
    Antibody Structure01:10

    Antibody Structure

    Overview
    Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
    The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
    Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
    Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

    Diversity of Antigen Receptors

    Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
    Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
    T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

    T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

    T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
    Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
    T Cell Types and Functions01:24

    T Cell Types and Functions

    When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
    Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
    B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

    B Cell Activation and Differentiation

    The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
    When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...