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Polytene Chromosomes

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Continuous reorganization leads to extensive polymorphism in a monkey centromeric satellite.

A Maresca, M F Singer, T N Lee

Journal of Molecular Biology

|November 15, 1984

Summary

African green monkey deca-satellite DNA exhibits significant polymorphism. Its structure and centromeric organization vary, suggesting frequent somatic cell reorganization and amplification/deletion mechanisms drive these changes.

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Molecular Biology
Primate Genetics

Background:

The African green monkey genome contains a highly polymorphic satellite DNA sequence known as deca-satellite.
Previous studies indicated that deca-satellite probes hybridize to complex, individual-specific restriction fragments in the monkey population.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the structure and organization of deca-satellite sequences in the African green monkey.
To investigate the mechanisms responsible for generating deca-satellite polymorphisms.

Main Methods:

Restriction endonuclease analysis (BamHI, EcoRI) to define satellite domains.
In situ hybridization to determine chromosomal localization.
Analysis of junctions between deca-satellite and alpha-satellite sequences.
Examination of endoreduplicated diplochromosomes to assess somatic cell dynamics.

Main Results:

Deca-satellite constitutes less than 1% of the genome, with variable abundance among individuals.
The core 5'-C-C-G-G sequence is conserved, with variable methylation of the central 5'-C-G.
Restriction analysis revealed distinct, independently evolved satellite domains.
In situ hybridization localized deca-satellite to centromeric regions of some chromosomes, confirmed by junctions with alpha-satellite.
Variable chromosome-specific hybridization patterns and asymmetric distribution in diplochromosomes indicate frequent somatic reorganization.

Conclusions:

Deca-satellite undergoes frequent amplification or deletion during somatic cell replication.
The maintenance of centromeric satellites may depend on the properties of tandem repeats rather than specific sequences or organization.