Plasma cortisol concentrations in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar: episodic variations, diurnal change, and short term...

Short term episodic peaks 1-2 hr in duration in plasma cortisol levels were observed in adult Atlantic salmon. These results support the concept that episodic secretion of corticosteroids may be a characteristic feature of the vertebrate adrenal/interrenal regulatory system and provide an explanation for the variability frequently observed in plasma cortisol concentrations in salmonids. Plasma cortisol levels also varied throughout the light-dark cycle and mean concentrations were higher during the night. High frequency variations in plasma cortisol levels (with a time scale of minutes rather than hours) were not observed. Porcine adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and ACTH1-24 but not alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) increased plasma cortisol levels 10 min after injection. The change in plasma cortisol levels after injection of 1 mU/kg porcine ACTH was of similar magnitude and duration as endogenous episodic variations. Plasma cortisol levels during episodic peaks, circadian changes, or after ACTH injection were less than the binding capacity of the "high" affinity protein binding system for cortisol. Hence, the unbound cortisol concentration is a linear function of the total cortisol concentration. Whereas episodic release of cortisol is indicated here, the physiological importance of this mode of hormone secretion is unclear. Plasma glucose levels were unaffected up to 2 hr after injection of ACTH and did not show close temporal correlation with endogenous episodic peaks in plasma cortisol.