Processed pseudogenes for rat cytochrome c are preferentially derived from one of three alternate mRNAs

Three cytochrome c mRNAs (1,400, 1,100 and 700 nucleotides) are colinear with RC4, a gene that has introns and correctly encodes cytochrome c. A comparison of RC4 to six nonallelic clones isolated from the rat cytochrome c multigene family demonstrates that all three mRNAs are represented in the genome as processed pseudogenes. Four of the six pseudogenes are derived from the 1,100-nucleotide mRNA, and genomic hybridizations further establish that nearly all of the 30 or so gene family members are also genomic copies of this mRNA despite the equimolar ratio of the three messages in rat tissues. Thus, the surprising multiplicity of cytochrome c sequences in the rat genome is mainly accounted for by the selective use of the 1,100-nucleotide mRNA for the formation of processed pseudogenes. In contrast to 700- and 1,400-nucleotide species which are polyadenylated downstream from AAGUAAA and AAUUAAA, respectively, the 1,100-nucleotide mRNA uses the ubiquitous AAUAAA and also displays a unique stem and loop structure (delta G = -59.4 kJ) centered 37 base pairs upstream from this sequence.