Interfaces of psychopharmacology and cardiology--Part two

At least 10% of the American population medically use prescribed psychopharmacological medications; and such psychotropic medications account for approximately 20% of all prescriptions in this country. Furthermore, there is widespread illicit use of psychoactive drugs, including narcotics, psychostimulants, and central nervous system depressants. All of these agents have potent effects on the cardiovascular system and, in addition, may undergo numerous drug-drug interactions with cardiovascular medications. Givaen the high incidence of both cardiovascular disease and psychoactive drug use in the United States, it is likely that clinicians manage many patients with cardiovascular disease, possibly receiving cardiovascular medications, and also needing psychopharmacological interventions. Consequently, the authors have reviewed the pharmacology of the major classes of psychoactive agents: (I & II) Antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors); (III) Lithium Carbonate; (IV) Major Tranquilizers (phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butryophenones, reserpine); and (V) Minor Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Hypnotics (benzodiazepines and barbiturates) with respect to their cardiotoxicity, cardiovascular side effects, and drug-drug interactions. Management of the cardiovascular complications of psychotropic overdose is discussed, as well as potential therapeutic uses of psychopharmacological medications in patients with cardiovascular pathology.