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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing more...
Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Carcinogenicity of radon/radon decay product inhalation in rats--effect of dose, dose rate and unattached fraction.

International journal of radiation biology·2005
Same author

In vivo chromosomal instability and transmissible aberrations in the progeny of haemopoietic stem cells induced by high- and low-LET radiations.

International journal of radiation biology·2001
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Susceptibility to radiation-induced leukaemia/lymphoma is genetically separable from sensitivity to radiation-induced genomic instability.

International journal of radiation biology·2001
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Dependence of the yield of DNA double-strand breaks in Chinese hamster V79-4 cells on the photon energy of ultrasoft X rays.

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Dose- and time-response relationships for lethal mutations and chromosomal instability induced by ionizing radiation in an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line.

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Regulation of the apoptotic response to radiation damage in B cell development.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy
11:38

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy

Published on: July 3, 2014

Risks of radiation at low dose rates.

K F Baverstock, D Papworth, J Vennart

    Lancet (London, England)
    |February 21, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary

    Women painting with radium-based products before 1961 showed increased breast cancer risk, especially those under 30. This finding aligns with established radiation risk assessments for breast cancer.

    Area of Science:

    • Occupational health
    • Radiation oncology
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Historical use of radium in consumer products, specifically paint.
    • Potential health risks associated with occupational exposure to radioactive materials like radium.
    • Limited data on long-term cancer mortality in radium workers.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate cancer mortality among women occupationally exposed to radium-containing paint.
    • To assess the relationship between radium exposure and breast cancer risk.
    • To evaluate radiation risk estimates based on this cohort.

    Main Methods:

    • Cohort study of 1110 women in the UK paint industry (1939-1961).
    • Assessment of radium body content and external gamma-ray absorbed dose rates (1-4 mGy/week).

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  • Statistical analysis of cancer mortality, focusing on breast cancer risk in relation to age at start of employment and radiation dose.

    • Main Results:

    • A significantly increased risk of breast cancer mortality was observed in women who started work before age 30.
    • The excess risk, if attributed to radiation, suggests 20-500 deaths per 10^4 women per Gy.
    • Radium body content was small, but external gamma irradiation was a factor.

    Conclusions:

    • Occupational exposure to gamma rays from radium paint is linked to increased breast cancer risk, particularly for younger workers.
    • The observed risk estimates are consistent with those used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
    • This study highlights the importance of radiation protection in historical occupational settings.