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Neomycin toxicosis in calves.

W A Crowell, T J Divers, T D Byars

    American Journal of Veterinary Research
    |January 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Parenteral neomycin in calves caused kidney damage (nephrotoxicosis) and hearing loss (ototoxicosis), even at lower doses. These toxic effects were confirmed by various tests and were not observed with penicillin treatment.

    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Pharmacology
    • Toxicology
    • Animal Health

    Background:

    • Aminoglycosides, like neomycin, are widely used antibiotics in veterinary medicine.
    • Potential toxic effects, including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, necessitate careful dosage and administration monitoring.
    • Understanding neomycin's toxicological profile in young animals is crucial for safe clinical application.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the toxicological effects of parenteral neomycin administration in calves.
    • To compare the toxicological outcomes of neomycin with those of penicillin in a calf model.
    • To identify specific biomarkers and clinical signs associated with neomycin toxicosis.

    Main Methods:

    • Four calves received intramuscular (IM) neomycin at dosages of 2.25 or 4.5 mg/kg twice daily.

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  • Two calves served as controls, receiving IM penicillin.
  • Assessment included urinalysis, renal biopsy, urinary enzyme analysis, creatinine clearance, and auditory-evoked response tests.

    • Main Results:

    • Nephrotoxicosis was evident in neomycin-treated calves, characterized by abnormal urinalysis, renal tubular degeneration/necrosis, and elevated urinary enzymes (alanine aminopeptidase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase).
    • Clinical signs of azotemia, reduced creatinine clearance, polyuria, and polydipsia were observed.
    • Deafness was suspected and confirmed via auditory-evoked response tests in two neomycin-treated calves.
    • Abnormal partial thromboplastin times and renal neomycin residues were detected in all neomycin-treated calves.

    Conclusions:

    • Parenteral neomycin administration in calves can induce significant nephrotoxicosis and ototoxicosis, even at the tested dosages.
    • The observed toxicities highlight the risks associated with neomycin use in young cattle.
    • Penicillin did not produce similar toxicological findings, suggesting a safer alternative for certain indications.