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Related Concept Videos

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

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Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

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Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
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Vicinal Diols via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: Pinacol Coupling Overview01:27

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Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the pinacol coupling reaction in 1859. It is a radical dimerization reaction and involves the reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones in the presence of hydrocarbon solvent to yield vicinal diols.
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Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

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Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
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Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Grignard Reaction02:00

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Grignard reagents are one of the most commonly used reagents used to synthesize alcohols from carbonyl compounds. Grignard reagents are organomagnesium halides with a highly polar carbon–magnesium bond. Due to the partial ionic nature of the C–Mg bond, the carbon functions as a strong nucleophile and attacks electrophiles like carbonyl carbon.
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Related Experiment Video

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Inactivation of Pathogens via Visible-Light Photolysis of Riboflavin-5′-Phosphate
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Interaction between flavins and alcohols.

B S Yu, S J Lee, H H Chung

    Chemico-Biological Interactions
    |July 15, 1982
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Alcohols interact with riboflavin derivatives, enhancing D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity. Methanol shows the strongest interaction, with binding affinity decreasing as alcohol size increases.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Spectroscopy
    • Enzyme kinetics

    Background:

    • Riboflavin derivatives are crucial cofactors in enzymatic reactions.
    • D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity is influenced by its microenvironment.
    • Understanding cofactor-substrate interactions is key to enzyme mechanism elucidation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the spectral changes of riboflavin derivatives in the presence of alcohols.
    • To determine the interaction mechanism between alcohols and the isoalloxazine moiety of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
    • To support the hypothesis that alcohol interaction enhances DAAO catalytic activity.

    Main Methods:

    • Spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis, fluorescence) were employed.
    • Studies were conducted in non-polar solvents.
    • Association constants were determined for various alcohols.

    Main Results:

    • Alcohols directly interact with the isoalloxazine ring of riboflavin derivatives.
    • A 1:1 stoichiometric complex is formed between alcohols and riboflavin.
    • Methanol exhibited the highest association constant, which decreased with increasing alkyl chain length and steric bulk.

    Conclusions:

    • Alcohol binding to the isoalloxazine moiety influences riboflavin derivative properties.
    • The observed interactions provide a basis for understanding enhanced DAAO activity.
    • The findings suggest a direct role of alcohol in modulating enzyme function through cofactor interaction.