The vascular biological stereotype and the achievement problem of the neurohumoral integration during phylogenesis

There is developed Bertalanffy's theory of systems on the evolution process of biological stereotypes (theory of Mârza, Repciuc, Eskenasy 1962) and the systemic theory nomenclature used in biology is critically discussed. A more complete definition of the reactivity is attempted. Biological stereotypes are analogous to the Pavlovian absolute reflexes and represent specialized and integrated parts of the reactivity, which forms a unity of contraries with the metabolism. There is considered that a biological stereotypes achieves to form a system when the specific organ is differentiated. On this basis is pursued the achievement of the systemic stage of nervous, emunctory (excretory), alimentary, vascular, respiratory subsystems. The nervous subsystem--and implicitly the nervous integration--is the first subsystem to be differentiated in phylogeny. The humoral integration is tardier appeared. The formation of the vascular subsystem represents a qualitative leap which allowed the evolution of all the other subsystems, inclusively of the nervous and endocrine ones, as well as of the homeostasis system. The last chapter present 6 phases of the vascular subsystem evolution starting from the structural plan of circulation in Annelida, and passing through those of Stomochordata, of fishes, of Dipnoi fishes, of Anura and Mammalia. The highly stable characters of the structural plan of the vascular subsystem evolution (the morphofunctional stereotypes of Mârza, Repciuc and Eskenasy 1962) are pointed out. This stability is interpreted in the light of the stabilizing selection. The cardiac pump and the lymphatics are differentiated from venous vessels. The integration of the arterial circulation with the heart starts in Dipnoi fishes and reached the highest form only in mammalians.