Modulation of tumor promotion in liver carcinogenesis

Earlier, we demonstrated that feeding to rats a diet devoid of choline, a lipotropic factor, markedly enhances hepatoma induction by several chemical carcinogens, and that the diet acts as a strong promoter of the evolution of initiated cells to foci of altered hepatocytes. The ability of several factors to modulate the action of the choline-devoid (CD) diet as a promoter was investigated by quantitating the foci of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive hepatocytes developed in rats exposed to a single injection of diethylnitrosamine. Addition to the diet of phenobarbital (PHB) resulted in a promoting action stronger than those of the CD diet or of PHB alone. Two other barbiturates, amobarbital (AMB) and pentobarbital (PTB) exerted an effect similar to that of PHB, while barbituric acid (BA) had no effect. In other studies, lowering the fat content of the CD diet reduced its efficacy as a promotor, while the addition of a hypolipidemic agent, BR931, 4-chloro-6-(2,3 xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio (N-beta-hydroxy-ethyl)acetamide, completely abolished the promoting action of the CD diet. In rats not exposed to carcinogen, feeding the CD diet caused a marked enhancement of liver DNA synthesis and of cell proliferation. Inclusion of PHB, PTB or AMB in the CD diet inhibited these effects, while BA exerted no inhibition. The increased rate of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in the liver were not affected by the level of fat in the CD diet. These results suggest that beside a stimulation of liver cell proliferation, other factor(s) determine the efficacy with which a CD diet exerts its promoting action.