Autonomic neurotransmitters and trophic factors

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Autonomic Nervous System Physiology

Background:

• The classical view of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) involves only two primary neurotransmitters.
• Recent research challenges this simplified model, revealing a more complex neurochemical landscape.

Purpose of the Study:

• To discuss substantial changes to the classical understanding of neurotransmission in the autonomic nervous system.
• To highlight the implications of new findings on ANS function and pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

• Review of current scientific evidence and literature.
• Analysis of findings related to neurotransmitter diversity, co-transmission, and neuromodulation.

Main Results:

• Evidence suggests the existence of approximately 16 putative neurotransmitter substances in the ANS.
• Neurotransmitter co-existence within single nerve terminals is observed, with roles as co-transmitters or neuromodulators.
• Autonomic nerves release trophic factors impacting long-term development and regeneration.

Conclusions:

• The traditional two-transmitter model of the ANS is outdated.
• A broader range of neurochemical messengers and their diverse functions must be considered.
• These discoveries necessitate a re-evaluation of autonomic nervous system function and disease mechanisms.