The neuroleptic malignant syndrome: presentation and treatment

The neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a potentially lethal reaction following the use of antipsychotic medications. The four cardinal signs are hyperthermia, muscular rigidity, autonomic dysfunction, and altered consciousness. The differential diagnosis of the syndrome includes malignant hyperthermia of anesthesia, heat stroke, and acute lethal catatonia. Treatment consists of prompt recognition of the syndrome and initiation of intense supportive measures to manage the hyperthermia and prevent secondary complications. Clinical reports describing beneficial results from use of anticholinergic agents, amantadine, bromocriptine, and dantrolene are reviewed.