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Alpha-adrenoceptors: recent development and some comparative aspects.

P Johansson

    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology
    |January 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Alpha-adrenoceptors are classified as alpha 1 and alpha 2, with alpha 2 receptors being calcium-dependent. These receptors show variations across vertebrate species, particularly in fish.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacology and Neuroscience
    • Adrenergic Receptor Research

    Background:

    • Alpha-adrenoceptors traditionally divided into presynaptic and postsynaptic based on location and function.
    • Recent classification categorizes alpha-adrenoceptors into alpha 1 and alpha 2 based on pharmacological responses, independent of anatomical site.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the classification, location, and function of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
    • To explore the role of calcium ions in alpha 2-adrenoceptor function.
    • To examine the evolution and comparative pharmacology of alpha-adrenoceptors across vertebrate classes.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on adrenoceptor classification and function.
    • Pharmacological characterization of alpha-adrenoceptors in various tissues and species.

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  • Analysis of drug responses, including calcium blockers, to differentiate receptor subtypes.

    • Main Results:

    • Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors identified as alpha 2, regulating nerve impulse frequency and neurotransmitter release.
    • Postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors are found in diverse tissues and the central nervous system.
    • Alpha 2-adrenoceptor function is dependent on Ca2+ ions, as indicated by the differential effect of calcium blockers.
    • Alpha-adrenoceptors in fish exhibit distinct pharmacological profiles compared to mammals.
    • Alpha 2-adrenoceptors are present in reptiles and amphibians, involved in melanocyte regulation.
    • Avian alpha-adrenoceptors are broadly similar to mammalian types.

    Conclusions:

    • Alpha-adrenoceptor classification into alpha 1 and alpha 2 provides a functional framework applicable across the central and peripheral nervous systems.
    • Calcium dependency highlights a key functional difference for alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
    • Comparative studies reveal evolutionary divergence and conservation of alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes across vertebrates.