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Growth hormone: its physiology and control.

C G Scanes, T J Lauterio

    The Journal of Experimental Zoology
    |December 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary

    Growth hormone (GH) in birds is crucial for growth and metabolism, with levels highest in young chicks and declining in adults. Its regulation involves complex hypothalamic factors and influences lipid and immune systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Avian Biology
    • Comparative Physiology

    Background:

    • Growth hormone (GH) is a key protein hormone synthesized by anterior pituitary somatotrophs.
    • Avian GH secretion is regulated by hypothalamic factors, including growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and somatostatin (SRIF).
    • Biogenic amines and prostaglandins may also modulate GH release in birds.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize current knowledge on growth hormone (GH) regulation and function in avian species.
    • To highlight age-related changes in GH secretion and clearance in birds.
    • To explore the metabolic and systemic effects of GH in avian models.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on avian growth hormone.
    • Analysis of plasma GH concentrations across different avian life stages (embryo, chick, adult).
    • Examination of factors influencing GH secretion and clearance.

    Main Results:

    • Plasma GH concentrations are high in young chicks and low in adults and embryos.
    • Reduced GH secretion in adult birds is linked to fewer somatotrophs and altered pituitary responses.
    • GH influences growth, lipid metabolism (lipolysis, lipogenesis), and glucose uptake, though physiological significance varies.

    Conclusions:

    • Growth hormone plays a vital role in avian growth, partly via somatomedin production.
    • GH impacts lipid metabolism and glucose uptake, but its full physiological role requires further investigation.
    • GH also affects other endocrine, immune, and potentially reproductive functions in birds.

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