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Gut-islet endocrinology-some evolutionary aspects.

S Van Noorden, S Falkmer

    Investigative & Cell Pathology
    |January 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary

    Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) hormones found in mammals have counterparts in lower vertebrates and even invertebrates. These findings suggest that vertebrate hormones may have evolved from neural tissues prior to vertebrate evolution.

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    Area of Science:

    • Comparative endocrinology
    • Evolutionary biology
    • Neuroendocrinology

    Background:

    • Many mammalian gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) hormones have homologous counterparts in lower vertebrates.
    • Hormonal localization studies in cyclostomes and fishes reveal a phylogenetic order of islet hormone evolution: insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP).
    • GEP peptides are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems of lower vertebrates and mammals.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the evolutionary origins of GEP hormones.
    • To explore the presence of GEP hormone-like substances in invertebrates.
    • To determine if vertebrate hormones originated in neural tissue before vertebrate evolution.

    Main Methods:

    • Immunological and biological studies were conducted.
    • Hormonal localization was analyzed in cyclostomes and fishes.
    • The presence of GEP hormone-like substances was examined in protostomian invertebrates (Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca).

    Main Results:

    • Insulin appears to be the earliest islet hormone phylogenetically, followed by somatostatin, glucagon, and PP.
    • GEP peptides are present in the nervous systems of lower vertebrates and mammals.
    • Hormone-like substances resembling insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, PP, gastrin, secretin, VIP, substance P, and enkephalin were found in invertebrate nervous systems.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings suggest a deep evolutionary origin for GEP hormones.
    • Vertebrate hormones may have originated in neural tissue predating the vertebrate lineage.
    • This indicates a potential neural origin for many fundamental signaling molecules.

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